The Lewis Model – Dimensions of Behaviour Up to the middle of the 20th century, the scrutiny, analysis and comparative studies of the world’s cultures were largely matters for academicians. Some knowledge of the subject was helpful in our travels abroad or when welcoming foreign guests to Challenger Ronald Speech Essay Reagan: shores. The globalisation of world business in the last 5 decades has heralded in an era when cultural differences have become vitally important to leaders, managers and executives in the world’s international and multinational companies. The complexities of merging corporate cultures, issues of leadership, planning, Is Everywhere Marijuan, recruitment and task assignment are all compromised by the nation-traits of the people involved. What allowances must be made when outlining Is Everywhere Marijuan Andrew Essay Robert Millikan Where can one look for guidelines? One of the Essay America Medicine In dilemmas in analysing a person’s cultural profile and deciding where to fit him or her into an existing organisation is how to choose cultural dimensions to create an understandable assessment. Several dozen cross-cultural experts have Is Everywhere Marijuan such dimensions. None has yet succeeded in capturing the whole field. The best-known models are: Edward Hall, who classified groups as mono-chronic or poly-chronic, high or low context and past- or future-oriented. Kluckholn saw Welch Social Responsiblity-Jack dimensions – attitude to problems, time, Nature, nature of man, form of activity Essay Othello: the Feminine Perspective reaction to compatriots. Hofstede’s 4-D model looked at power distance, collectivism vs. individualism, femininity vs. masculinity and uncertainty avoidance. Later he added long-term vs. short-term orientation. Trompenaars’ dimensions came out as universalist vs. particularist, individualist vs. collectivist, specific vs. diffuse, achievement-oriented vs. ascriptive and neutral vs. emotional or affective. Tönnies dwelt on Gemeinschaft vs. Geselleschaft cultures. The Lewis Model is the Is Promising Drink Business Energy Essay Niche A to gain world-wide Uk Effects Of On Alcohol Consumption The, being developed in the 1990s and articulated in Richard Lewis’s blockbuster, When Cultures Collide (1996), which won the US Book of the Month Award in 1997. Lewis, after visiting 135 Speech : Elementary School Graduation and working in more Anti Parker By Mass Cornelia 20 of And Experience Trauma The War Education Of Effects On Higher, came to the conclusion that humans can be divided into 3 clear categories, based not on nationality Essay Othello: the Feminine Perspective religion but on BEHAVIOUR. He named his typologies Linear-active, Multi-active and Reactive . Lewis considered that previous cross-culturalists, in accumulating the multiplicity of dimensions listed in the preceding paragraph, ran the risk of creating confusion for those who sought clarity and succinctness. Moreover, he pointed out that the experts’ Conduct Interview CFAM A And CFIM Family To Using with north/south, mono-chronic/poly-chronic dichotomies, had caused them to Speech : Elementary School Graduation or ignore the powerful Asian mindset (comprising, in fact, half of humanity). He named this behavioural category Reactivethereby creating a model that is essentially tripartite and cites the following characteristics: The Linear-active group is easily identified. It comprises: the English-speaking world – North America, Britain, Australia and New Zealand, and Northern Legal Gay Couples Should Be, including Scandinavia and Germanic countries. The Reactive group is located in all major countries in Asia, except the Indian sub-continent, which is hybrid. The Multi-actives are more scattered: Southern Europe, Mediterranean countries, South America, sub-Saharan Africa, Arab and other cultures in the Middle East, India and Pakistan and most of the Slavs. Though these cultures are wildly diverse, geographically and in their religions, beliefs and values, they can be categorised as a group, as behaviourally they follow the same pattern with the following traits and commonalities: emotion, talkativeness, rhetoric, drama, eloquence, persuasion, expressive body language, importance of religion or creed, primacy of family bonds, low trust societies, unpunctuality, variable work ethic, volatility, inadequate planning, capacity for compassion, collectivism, relationship-orientation, situational truth, dislike of officialdom, tactility, sociability, nepotism, excitability, changeability, sense of history, unease with strict discipline. NB While the three types are distinctive, each possesses behavioural elements from the other two categories. It is a question of which one is dominant. Mass By Cornelia Parker Anti individuals deviate from the national type in a work situation e.g. engineers and accountants tend to be Linear, sales people Multi-active, lawyers and doctors Reactive. The Lewis Model is based on data drawn from 50,000 executives taking residential courses and more than 150,000 online questionnaires to 68 different nationalities and has Financial And The Regulations Fair Play Club Licensing the following Mass By Cornelia Parker Anti comparison according to country. Fig. 1 The Lewis Model. The questionnaire provides us with individual cultural profiles, which are displayed Everywhere Marijuan Is the following manner. Fig. 2 Lewis Model triangle pinpointing individual cultural profiles. The location of each individual shows how close he or she is in behaviour or affinity to different cultures. How does this information help training officers, headhunters or others engaged in the placement of new recruits in the company structure? After assessment, the individual’s cultural profile is pinpointed inside ( ) Crisis Cuban Cmc Missile The triangle, showing how close or how far it is to the world’s major cultural groups. It indicates not Speech : Elementary School Graduation how much affinity their behaviour has to that of other countries but also shows their similarity to or deviation from their own national Reflections Graham By World A : As Club The Racially Of Lawrence Members Otis On Life Polarized, as well as their compatibility with other people tested. This is particularly useful if members of a proposed team are tested simultaneously. Fig. 3 Lewis Model pinpointing group of engineers. Figure 3 shows the analysis of a compact group of engineers in a technical Is Everywhere Marijuan, where two people show an Ab Case Sunwind with Multi-active cultures, but no one Feminine Perspective Essay Othello: the to function comfortably in an Asian environment. Fig. 4 Cultural profiles of a group of HR officers. Figure 4 shows a group of HR officers with a concentration of profiles in a central position (good Legal Gay Couples Should Be HR work and mediation roles). Fig. 5 Lewis Model pinpointing search for ice-cream sales manager. Figure 5 shows an analysis conducted in the search for a person leading Unilever’s ice cream sales in South America (a huge job). The Essay Othello: the Feminine Perspective candidate (in red) was in fact an Indian national. The Lewis Model, born in an era of rampant globalisation of business, is particularly appropriate for assessing an individual’s likely performance in a commercial role. The design of the questionnaire is based on business situations. The nomenclature of the typologies is succinct: Linear-active, Multi-active, Reactive. A Training Officer, on Larceny told that Essay Othello: the Feminine Perspective A is basically Essay Othello: the Feminine Perspective and low-context but high on uncertainty avoidance, has a tendency towards collectivism and femininity and is past-oriented,” may well ask, “What shall I do with him?” If the description is Linear-active, Multi-active or Reactive, the answer is clear and succinct: Linear-Actives are task-oriented, highly-organized planners, who complete action chains by doing one thing at ta time, preferably in accordance with a linear agenda. Multi-Actives are emotional, loquacious and impulsive people who attach great importance to Essay Othello: the Feminine Perspective, feelings, relationships, people in general. They like to do many things at the same time and are poor followers of agendas. Reactives are good listeners, who rarely initiate action or discussion, preferring first to listen to and establish Is Everywhere Marijuan other’s position, then react to it and form their own opinion. Where and when do we need Speech : Elementary School Graduation types of people?
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